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The economy of Kosovo is a transition economy. Kosovo was the poorest province of the former Yugoslavia with a modern economy only established after a series of federal development subsidies in 1960s and 1970s.〔Pond, Elizabeth, "Why Turbulent Kosovo has Marble Sidewalks but Troubled Industries". Christian Science Monitor, 15 December 1981.〕 During the 1990s abolition of province's autonomous institutions followed by poor economic policies, international sanctions, little access to external trade and finance, and ethnic conflict severely damaged the already-weak economy.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kosovo )〕 Since the declaration of independence of 2008 Kosovo's economy has grown each year, with relatively low effects from the global financial crisis; while there are many weaknesses for its potential in the future, many of them related to its internationally disputed status, there are also potential strengths, including its very low level of government debt and future liabilities and the strength of its banking system (despite remaining obstacles to using this for productive loans).〔http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11210.pdf〕 Kosovo remains one of the poorest areas of Europe, with as much as 45% of the population living below the official poverty line, and 17% being extremely poor according to the World Bank.〔 ==Developments from 1999== After strong increases in 2000 and 2001, as a result of post-war reconstruction and foreign assistance, growth in GDP was negative in 2002. In the period from 2003 to 2011 it resumed its upward trajectory, despite declining foreign assistance, averaging over 5% a year. It is noteworthy that growth continued during the financial crisis of 2009, and returned to 5% in 2011 Inflation was low, while the budget posted a deficit for the first time in 2004. Kosovo has a negative balance of trade; in 2004, the deficit of the balance of goods and services was close to 70 percent of GDP, and was 39% of GDP in 2011. Remittances from the Kosovo diaspora accounted for an estimated 14 percent of GDP, little changed over the previous decade.〔 '' IMF Country Report No 12/100 '' http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12100.pdf "Unemployment, around 40% of the population, is a significant problem that encourages outward migration and black market activity."〕 Most economic development since 1999 has taken place in the trade, retail and construction sectors. The private sector which has emerged since 1999 is mainly small-scale. The industrial sector remains weak. The economy, and its sources of growth, are therefore geared far more to demand than production, as shown by the current account, which was in 2011 in deficit by about 20% of GDP. Consequently, Kosovo is highly dependent on remittances from the diaspora (the majority of these from Germany and Switzerland), FDI (of which a high proportion also comes from the diaspora, and other capital inflows).〔 Government revenue is also dependent on demand rather than production; only 14% of revenue comes from direct taxes and the rest mainly from customs duties and taxes on consumption. However, Kosovo has very low levels of general government debt (only 5.8% of GDP)〔 and government liquid assets resulting from past fiscal surpluses (deposited in the Central Bank and invested abroad). Under applicable Kosovo law, there are also substantial assets from privatisation of socially-owned enterprises (SOEs), also invested abroad by the Central Bank, which should mostly accrue to the Government when liquidation processes have been completed.〔 The net foreign assets of the financial corporations and the Pension Fund amount to well over 50% of GDP. Moreover, the banking system in Kosovo seems very sound. For the banking system as a whole, the Tier One Capital Ratio as of January 2012 was 17.5%, double the ratio required in the EU; the proportion of non-performing loans was 5.9%, well below the regional average; and the credit to deposit ratio was only just above 80%. The assets of the banking system have increased from 5% of GDP in 2000 to 60% of GDP as of January 2012.〔 Since the housing stock in Kosovo is generally good by South-East European standards, this suggests that (if the legal system's ability to enforce claims on collateral and resolve property issues is trusted), credit to Kosovars could be safely expanded. The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) introduced an external trade office and customs administration on September 3, 1999, when it established border controls in Kosovo. All goods imported to Kosovo face a flat 10% duty.〔(Doing Business in Kosovo - U.S. Commercial Service Kosovo (UN Administered) )〕 These taxes are collected at all Tax Collection Points at Kosovo's borders, including that between Kosovo and Serbia's uncontested territory.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Seerecon: Coupon Code, Discount and Reviews )〕 UNMIK and Kosovo institutions have signed free-trade agreements with Croatia,〔(Croatia, Kosovo sign Interim Free Trade Agreement ), B92, 2 October 2006〕 Bosnia and Herzegovina,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="UNMIK and Bosnia and Herzegovina Initial Free Trade Agreement". UNMIK Press Release, 17 February 2006. )〕 Albania〔(Oda Eknomike e Kosovës/Kosova Chambre of Commerce - Vision.To CMS V1.7 Powered by WWW.VISION.TO )〕 and the Republic of Macedonia.〔 The euro is the official currency of Kosovo.〔(Invest in Kosovo – EU Pillar top priorities: privatisation process and focus on priority economic reforms )〕 Kosovo adopted the German mark in 1999 to replace the Serbian dinar,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News, Kosovo adopts Deutschmark )〕 and later replaced it with the euro, although the Serbian dinar is still used in some Serb-majority areas (mostly in the north). This means that Kosovo has no levers of monetary policy over its economy, and must rely on a conservative fiscal policy to provide the means to respond to external shocks.〔 Officially registered unemployment stood at 30.9% of the labour force in September 2013, although 63.1% of the population are not economically active.〔 The IMF have pointed out that informal employment is widespread, and the ratio of wages to per capita GDP is the second highest in South-East Europe; the true rate may therefore be lower.〔 Unemployment among the Roma minority may be as high as 90%.〔(Roma forced back to dire poverty, deprivation ) 28 October 2010.〕 The mean wage in 2009 was $2.98 per hour. The dispute over Kosovo's international status, and the interpretation which some non-recognising states place on symbols which may or may not imply sovereignty, continues to impose economic costs on Kosovo. Examples include flight diversions because of a Serbian ban on flights to Kosovo over its territory; loss of revenues because of a lack of a regional dialling code (end-user fees on fixed lines accrue to Serbian Telecoms, while Kosovo has to pay Monaco and Slovenia for use of their regional codes for mobile phone connections); no IBAN code for bank transfers; and no regional Kosovo code for the internet. A major deterrent to foreign manufacturing investment in Kosovo was removed in 2011 when the European Council accepted a Convention allowing Kosovo to be accepted as part of its rules for diagonal cumulative origination, allowing the label of Kosovo origination to goods which have been processed there but originated in a country elsewhere in the Convention. Since 2002 the European Commission has compiled a yearly progress report on Kosovo, evaluating its political and economic situation. For 2008 the European Commission reported a GDP growth of 5.4% – essentially due to public investment (194% growth, compared to a 10.2% decline in private investment) – but the report also noted that the unsatisfactory state of the statistical system does not allow for a comprehensive assessment of the situation. Kosovo became a member of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on 29 June 2009. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Kosovo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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